{"id":707,"date":"2025-12-30T21:54:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-30T21:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/?p=707"},"modified":"2026-01-12T22:18:29","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T22:18:29","slug":"elektrickovy-myslienkovy-experiment-a-teoria-dualnych-procesov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/2025\/12\/30\/elektrickovy-myslienkovy-experiment-a-teoria-dualnych-procesov\/","title":{"rendered":"ELEKTRI\u010cKOV\u00dd MY\u0160LIENKOV\u00dd EXPERIMENT A TE\u00d3RIA DU\u00c1LNYCH PROCESOV"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

PERMANETN\u00c1 FORM\u00c1CIA ABSOLVENTOV TEOLOGICK\u00ddCH FAK\u00daLT<\/strong>
Dr.h.c. prof. PhDr. Pavol Danc\u00e1k, PhD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00c9MA II: <\/strong>ELEKTRI\u010cKOV\u00dd MY\u0160LIENKOV\u00dd EXPERIMENT A TE\u00d3RIA DU\u00c1LNYCH PROCESOV<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

V roku 1967 britsk\u00e1 filozofka Philipp Footov\u00e1 uverejnila \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eThe Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the
Double Effect\u201c, v ktorom sa prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t objavil my\u0161lienkov\u00fd experiment s elektri\u010dkou, ktor\u00e1 sa nezadr\u017eate\u013ene pribli\u017euje
k v\u00fdhybke. Za v\u00fdhybkou na jednej ko\u013eaji pracuje p\u00e4\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed a na druhej ko\u013eaji pracuje iba jeden \u010dlovek. Vodi\u010d elektri\u010dky
nem\u00f4\u017ee zabrzdi\u0165, ale ak ni\u010d neurob\u00ed, elektri\u010dka bude pokra\u010dova\u0165 v jazde a zabije p\u00e4\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed. Ak v\u0161ak vodi\u010d zmen\u00ed smer
elektri\u010dky, zabije len jedn\u00e9ho pracovn\u00edka. \u010co m\u00e1 urobi\u0165?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Je spr\u00e1vne, aby vodi\u010d zmenil smer a vo\u0161iel na ko\u013eaj,
na ktorej le\u017e\u00ed len jeden robotn\u00edk? Je spr\u00e1vne, aby zabil
jedn\u00e9ho namiesto piatich robotn\u00edkov? Z h\u013eadiska prin-
c\u00edpu dvojit\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku je zabitie jedn\u00e9ho \u010dloveka nepria-
mym \u00famyslom, ktor\u00fd vypl\u00fdva zo snahy vodi\u010da zachr\u00e1ni\u0165
p\u00e4\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed, a preto by mal zmeni\u0165 smer jazdy. Footov\u00e1 pri-
ch\u00e1dza s \u010fal\u0161\u00edm podobn\u00fdm pr\u00edkladom: v nemocnici le\u017e\u00ed
\u0165a\u017eko chor\u00fd pacient a k svojmu uzdraveniu potrebuje
cel\u00fa d\u00e1vku lieku, ktor\u00e1 je k dispoz\u00edcii. Po \u0148om pr\u00edde do
nemocnice \u010fal\u0161\u00edch p\u00e4\u0165 pacientov. Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z nich by
sta\u010dila k uzdraveniu len jedna p\u00e4tina tejto d\u00e1vky lieku. Je
spr\u00e1vne obetova\u0165 jedn\u00e9ho pacienta v prospech piatich? Rovnak\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka sa pon\u00faka aj pre \u010fal\u0161iu verziu pr\u00edkladu, v ktorej
m\u00e1me jedn\u00e9ho \u010dloveka a p\u00e4\u0165 chor\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed potrebuj\u00fa transplant\u00e1ciu r\u00f4znych org\u00e1nov. K ich z\u00edskaniu by sta\u010dilo obetova\u0165
pr\u00e1ve jedn\u00e9ho \u010dloveka. Z h\u013eadiska utilitarizmu s\u00fa si oba pr\u00edpady rovn\u00e9. Z h\u013eadiska princ\u00edpu dvojit\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku je tu rozdiel,
ktor\u00fd n\u00e1m zabr\u00e1ni rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 sa rovnako v oboch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch pre smr\u0165 jedn\u00e9ho \u010dloveka. Rozdiel spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee v pr-
vom pr\u00edpade nem\u00e1me v \u00famysle jeho smr\u0165, ale v druhom \u00e1no.
Footov\u00e1 navrhuje rie\u0161enie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00edce nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 aplikova\u0165 v\u0161eobecne, ale pod\u013ea nej je lep\u0161ie ako princ\u00edp dvojit\u00e9ho
\u00fa\u010dinku. Navrhuje rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi pozit\u00edvnymi a negat\u00edvnymi povinnos\u0165ami. In\u0161pirovala sa J. Benthamom a jeho delen\u00edm
\u010dinov na pozit\u00edvne a negat\u00edvne. Pozit\u00edvne povinnost\u00ed s\u00fa tie, o ktor\u00e9 by sme mali usilova\u0165, a negat\u00edvnym sa m\u00e1me vyhn\u00fa\u0165.
V pr\u00edkladoch, ktor\u00e9 uv\u00e1dza Footov\u00e1, ide o poskytnutie pomoci a vyhnutie sa ubl\u00ed\u017eeniu dan\u00fdm osob\u00e1m.
\u010co sa t\u00fdka probl\u00e9mu elektri\u010dky, rie\u0161enie je jednoduch\u00e9, lebo vodi\u010d si v oboch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch vyber\u00e1 medzi negat\u00edvnymi
povinnos\u0165ami. Preto by mal kona\u0165 tak, aby ubl\u00ed\u017eil \u010do najmenej. Vodi\u010d m\u00e1 zmeni\u0165 smer a zabi\u0165 jedn\u00e9ho robotn\u00edka.
V pr\u00edpadoch s pacientmi je situ\u00e1cia komplikovanej\u0161ia. V situ\u00e1cii, ke\u010f sa rozhodujeme, ak\u00fd sp\u00f4sobom rozdel\u00edme
pacientom d\u00e1vku, uva\u017eujeme o dvoch pozit\u00edvnych povinnostiach. Anglick\u00e1 filozofka si bola vedom\u00e1, \u017ee existuje ve\u013ea
faktorov, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00edme zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 pri posudzovan\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00ed. Jej cie\u013eom nebolo pon\u00faknu\u0165 jedno kone\u010dn\u00e9 rie\u0161e-
nie. V\u0161etky my\u0161lienkov\u00e9 experimenty vykonala preto, aby uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee v pr\u00edpade potratov nie je v\u017edy vhodn\u00e9 aplikova\u0165<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

princ\u00edp dvojit\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku. Dospela k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee je ove\u013ea
d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi pozit\u00edvnymi a negat\u00edvnymi
povinnos\u0165ami.
Probl\u00e9m elektri\u010dky in\u0161pirovan\u00fd myslen\u00edm Tom\u00e1-
\u0161a Akvinsk\u00e9ho a rozpracovan\u00fd americkou filozofkou
Judith Jarvis Thomsonovou vyvol\u00e1va z\u00e1ujem aj s\u00fa\u010das-
n\u00fdch myslite\u013eov. Joshua Greene za pomoci najnov\u0161\u00edch
zobrazovac\u00edch techn\u00edk (fMRI) presk\u00famal reakcie \u013eud\u00ed v
experimente, kde na trati nie je v\u00fdhybka, ale nad tra\u0165ou
je most, na ktorom ved\u013ea turistu sa o z\u00e1bradlie opiera
ve\u013emi tu\u010dn\u00fd mu\u017e a vykl\u00e1\u0148a sa nad tra\u0165. Turista vid\u00ed, \u017ee po<\/p>\n\n\n\n

trati sa ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo pribli\u017euje elektri\u010dka, ktorej zrejme nefunguj\u00fa brzdy. V smere jazdy pracuje p\u00e4\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed. Pokia\u013e elektri\u010dka
bude pokra\u010dova\u0165 v ceste, zabije v\u0161etk\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165 pracovn\u00edkov na trati. Turista si uvedom\u00ed, \u017ee ak zhod\u00ed tu\u010dn\u00e9ho mu\u017ea z mosta
a on spadne pred elektri\u010dku, tak elektri\u010dka sa zastav\u00ed a nenaraz\u00ed do piatich mu\u017eov.
Joshua Greene je na z\u00e1klade svojich v\u00fdskumov presved\u010den\u00fd o tom, \u017ee na\u0161e mor\u00e1lne s\u00fady s\u00fa vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 na z\u00e1klade
em\u00f3ci\u00ed aj rozumov\u00e9ho uva\u017eovania. Za na\u0161e mor\u00e1lne rozhodovanie tak nezodpoved\u00e1 \u017eiadna konkr\u00e9tna mozgov\u00e1 oblas\u0165,
ale na\u0161e \u010diny s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s dvomi procesmi: s em\u00f3ciami a so schopnos\u0165ou uva\u017eova\u0165 o t\u00fdchto \u010dinoch. Z toho je odvode-
n\u00fd n\u00e1zov \u201ete\u00f3ria du\u00e1lnych procesov mor\u00e1lneho rozhodovania\u201c (The Dual-Process Theory of Moral Judgement). S\u00fahra
oboch procesov vytv\u00e1ra \u013eudsk\u00e9 mor\u00e1lne uva\u017eovanie. Joshua Greene na z\u00e1klade tejto \u00favahy rozdelil mor\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vania
na osobn\u00e9 a neosobn\u00e9. Naru\u0161enie mor\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vanie je osobn\u00e9 vtedy, ak sp\u00f4sob\u00ed:
\u2022 v\u00e1\u017enu telesn\u00fa ujmu
\u2022 konkr\u00e9tnemu \u010dloveku,
\u2022 t\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, \u017ee po\u0161kodenie nie je d\u00f4sledkom odklonenia existuj\u00face hrozby na niekoho in\u00e9ho.
Ak tieto krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 naplnen\u00e9 nie s\u00fa, tak naru\u0161enie mor\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vania je neosobn\u00e9.
Joshua Greene zistil, \u017ee do prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eania o osobn\u00fdch mor\u00e1lnych dilem\u00e1ch, kde patr\u00ed prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eanie o dileme s mos-
t\u00edkom, s\u00fa zapojen\u00e9 tie oblasti mozgu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa spojovan\u00e9 s em\u00f3ciami. Rozhodovanie m\u00e1 deontologick\u00fd charakter.
Pri neosobn\u00fdch mor\u00e1lnych dilem\u00e1ch, ku ktor\u00fdm patr\u00ed prv\u00e1 verzia elektri\u010dky, s\u00fa aktivovan\u00e9 \u010dasti mozgu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favisia
s kognit\u00edvnou kontrolou, uva\u017eovan\u00edm a pracovnou pam\u00e4\u0165ou. Proces rozhodovania je viac pod kontrolou a m\u00e1 tendenciu
nevyvol\u00e1va\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 emot\u00edvne reakcie. Rozhodovanie je veden\u00e9 snahou zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u010do najviac \u017eivotov a m\u00e1 utilitaristick\u00fd
a konzekvencionalistick\u00fd charakter.
Te\u00f3ria du\u00e1lnych procesov, vytvoren\u00e1 sk\u00faman\u00edm za pomoci fMRI potvrdzuje, \u017ee na\u0161e mor\u00e1lne s\u00fady podliehaj\u00fa vplyvu
em\u00f3ci\u00ed aj racion\u00e1lneho uva\u017eovania. Prehlbuje na\u0161e poznanie o sp\u00f4sobe rozhodovania, ale napriek tomu cel\u00e1 v\u00e1ha rozho-
dovania v dilematickej situ\u00e1cii zost\u00e1va na pleciach jedinca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

LITERAT\u00daRA:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cERN\u00dd, D.: Princip dvoji\u0301ho u\u0301c\u030cinku (The Principle of Double Effect). Diserta\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Praha: Univerzita Karlova v Praze 2015.
CHYROWICZ, B.: Zamiar i skutki. Filozoficzna analiza zasady podw\u00f3jnego skutku. Lublin : Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo
Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego 1997. ISBN: 83-86668-83-0.
FOOT, P.: The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect, In: Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral
Philosophy. Berkeley : University of California Press 1981. ISBN 9780520043961.
GREENE, J. D. et al.: An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment. In: Science, Vol. 293, 2001.
http:\/\/nwkpsych.rutgers.edu\/~kharber\/gradseminar\/readings\/class%204%20readings\/Science%202001%20Greene.pdf
[20.02.2020]. ISSN 1095-9203.
GREENE, J. D., HAIDT, J.: How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work? In: Trends in Cognitive Science, Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec.
2002. s. 522 ISSN 1364-6613.
PETRO, M.: Vybran\u00e9 bioetick\u00e9 princ\u00edpy. In: Theologos, 1\/2009. ISSN 1335-5570.
REMBIERZ, M.: Refleksja moralna nad odpowiedzialnos\u0301cia\u0328 filozofa w XX wieku. In: DOMERACKI, P., GRZELIN\u0301SKI, A.,
WIS\u0301NIEWSKI, R. (eds.): Filozofia \u2013 Etyka \u2013 Ekologia. Toru\u0144 : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Miko\u0142aja Kopernika
Toru\u0144 2015. ISBN 978-83-231-3451-0. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PERMANETN\u00c1 FORM\u00c1CIA ABSOLVENTOV TEOLOGICK\u00ddCH FAK\u00daLTDr.h.c. prof. PhDr. Pavol Danc\u00e1k, PhD. T\u00c9MA II: ELEKTRI\u010cKOV\u00dd MY\u0160LIENKOV\u00dd EXPERIMENT A TE\u00d3RIA DU\u00c1LNYCH PROCESOV V roku 1967 britsk\u00e1 filozofka Philipp Footov\u00e1 uverejnila \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eThe Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of theDouble Effect\u201c, v ktorom<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dancak"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"featured-blog-large":false,"featured-blog-medium":false,"featured":false,"featured-blog-medium-small":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Coranic","author_link":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/author\/coranic\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"PERMANETN\u00c1 FORM\u00c1CIA ABSOLVENTOV TEOLOGICK\u00ddCH FAK\u00daLTDr.h.c. prof. PhDr. Pavol Danc\u00e1k, PhD. T\u00c9MA II: ELEKTRI\u010cKOV\u00dd MY\u0160LIENKOV\u00dd EXPERIMENT A TE\u00d3RIA DU\u00c1LNYCH PROCESOV V roku 1967 britsk\u00e1 filozofka Philipp Footov\u00e1 uverejnila \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eThe Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of theDouble Effect\u201c, v ktorom","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=707"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":713,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/707\/revisions\/713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}