{"id":543,"date":"2022-02-20T19:32:10","date_gmt":"2022-02-20T19:32:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/?p=543"},"modified":"2022-02-20T19:32:11","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T19:32:11","slug":"teoria-zastupneho-trestu-v-soteriologii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/2022\/02\/20\/teoria-zastupneho-trestu-v-soteriologii\/","title":{"rendered":"TE\u00d3RIA Z\u00c1STUPN\u00c9HO TRESTU V SOTERIOL\u00d3GII"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

PERMANETN\u00c1 FORM\u00c1CIA ABSOLVENTOV TEOLOGICK\u00ddCH FAK\u00daLT <\/strong>
doc. ThDr. \u0160tefan Palo\u010dko, PhD. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00c9MA III:<\/strong> TE\u00d3RIA Z\u00c1STUPN\u00c9HO TRESTU V SOTERIOL\u00d3GII<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u00daVOD: Historick\u00e9 pozadie vzniku te\u00f3rie z\u00e1stupn\u00e9ho trestu <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V prostred\u00ed, kde na prelome 15. a 16. storo\u010dia vyrastal Martin Luther, mo\u017eno pozorova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv prirodzenej n\u00e1bo\u017enosti pr\u00edtomnej zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v \u013eudovej zbo\u017enosti, no prispievali k tomu aj niektor\u00ed \u010dlenovia vtedaj\u0161ej hierarchie. Nebesk\u00fd Otec bol predstavovan\u00fd ako tvrd\u00fd a ne\u00faprosn\u00fd a jeho Syn bol sudcom, ktor\u00fd pr\u00edsne sleduje skutky \u013eud\u00ed. V pr\u00edpade, \u017ee nie s\u00fa dostato\u010dne dokonal\u00e9, je pripraven\u00fd pomsti\u0165 sa peklom. Toto n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 pozadie tvorilo podklad Lutherovho mlad\u00e9ho \u017eivota. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Lutherovo formulovanie te\u00f3rie z\u00e1stupn\u00e9ho trestu <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V Lutherovom ch\u00e1pan\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eeme jasne vidie\u0165 prvky prirodzenej a pohanskej n\u00e1bo\u017enosti: Probl\u00e9mom ani tak nie je hriech, ale rozhnevan\u00fd Boh, ktor\u00fd je pripraven\u00fd za\u00fato\u010di\u0165 na \u010dloveka, k\u00fdm jeho hnev nebude ut\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd adekv\u00e1tnou obetou. \u00dalohu hnev uti\u0161uj\u00facich pohansk\u00fdch obiet v Lutherovom praktickom \u017eivote prevzali \u201edobr\u00e9 skutky\u201c a skutky ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek, no hlavne tvrd\u00e9ho sebaz\u00e1poru. Z toho mu v\u0161ak vyplynul praktick\u00fd d\u00f4sledok, \u017ee Boh je neuspokojite\u013en\u00fd. Je toti\u017e nad \u013eudsk\u00e9 sily dosiahnu\u0165 mor\u00e1lnu dokonalos\u0165, a preto si \u010dlovek nevyhnutne zasluhuje trest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto n\u00e1h\u013eade Luther \u0161tudoval biblick\u00e9 texty a v\u0161imol si ve\u013ek\u00e9 utrpenie, ktor\u00e9 podst\u00fapil Kristus. Pri h\u013eadan\u00ed d\u00f4vodu, pre\u010do spravodliv\u00fd tak kruto trpel a zomrel, mo\u017eno narazi\u0165 na tvrdenie, \u017ee Je\u017ei\u0161 n\u00e1s chcel zachr\u00e1ni\u0165 zo zatratenia, a preto sa za n\u00e1s stal prekliatym (porov. Gal 3,13), bol prebodnut\u00fd pre na\u0161e hriechy a na \u0148om je trest pre na\u0161e blaho (Iz 53,5). Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa v liste Hebrejom p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee pod\u013ea Starej zmluvy sa konali za hriechy zmierne obety, no je nemo\u017en\u00e9, aby krv b\u00fdkov a capov odstr\u00e1nila hriechy (porov. Hebr 10,1-4), a preto prich\u00e1dza Bo\u017e\u00ed Syn, aby obetovan\u00edm seba sam\u00e9ho posv\u00e4til veriacich kres\u0165anov (porov. Hebr 10,10). Ak si uvedom\u00edme, s ak\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm my\u0161lienkov\u00fdm pozad\u00edm Luther \u0161tudoval a vn\u00edmal tieto texty, pochop\u00edme, \u017ee Kristus v jeho prirodzenej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskej sch\u00e9me zaujal miesto s\u00edce nevinnej bytosti, no Bohom ods\u00fadenej na smr\u0165 namiesto n\u00e1s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boh vo svojej spravodlivosti je n\u00faten\u00fd hneva\u0165 sa na hrie\u0161nych \u013eud\u00ed. Spravodliv\u00fd hnev zas Boha n\u00fati, aby si ho schladil spravodliv\u00fdm trestom. Aby Boh vyrie\u0161il t\u00fato z \u013eudskej strany nerie\u0161ite\u013en\u00fa situ\u00e1ciu, posiela na svet Syna, aby jeho nevinn\u00e9ho potrestal namiesto n\u00e1s. Kristovo utrpenie bolo teda z\u00e1stupn\u00fdm trestom. Pod\u013ea Luthera je to Bo\u017e\u00ed Syn, ktor\u00fd vz\u0165ahuje na seba Bo\u017e\u00ed hnev, ktor\u00fd bol p\u00f4vodne namieren\u00fd na n\u00e1s pre na\u0161e hriechy a rob\u00ed to preto, lebo tento Bo\u017e\u00ed hnev mohol by\u0165 ut\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd jedine takouto ve\u013ekou obetou. Melanchton zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee Bo\u017e\u00ed Syn sa postavil na miesto hrie\u0161nych \u013eud\u00ed, a Boh vylial na\u0148ho svoj hnev, aby sa uspokojil. Podobn\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie m\u00f4\u017eeme vidie\u0165 aj u reform\u00e1tora Kalv\u00edna. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Kritika te\u00f3rie z\u00e1stupn\u00e9ho trestu <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V takomto my\u0161lienkovom syst\u00e9me je Kristus anal\u00f3giou pohanskej obety, ktor\u00e1 uti\u0161uje a uspokojuje rozhnevan\u00e9ho Boha. Predstava Boha, ktor\u00fd si potrebuje trestom schladi\u0165 svoj hnev, pri\u010dom je jedno, \u010di potrestan\u00fd je vinn\u00fd, alebo nevinn\u00fd, je prakticky pohansk\u00e1. V skuto\u010dnosti Boh m\u00e1 pod\u013ea spravodlivosti pr\u00e1vo odp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165 bez n\u00e1hrady \u0161kody aj bez potrestania. Ve\u013emi dobre to mo\u017eno vidie\u0165 na podobenstve o m\u00e1rnotratnom synovi. Probl\u00e9mom je taktie\u017e predstava, \u017ee by Boh na z\u00e1klade hriechu \u010dloveka mohol prejs\u0165 zo stavu priazne, do stavu hnevu. Zmena stavu u Boha je v rozpore s jeho nemenite\u013enos\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 je potvrden\u00e1 Sv\u00e4t\u00fdm p\u00edsmom (porov. Jk 1,17) aj zdrav\u00fdm rozumom, ak Boha definujeme ako dokonal\u00e9 bytie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fdm pohanstvo a prirodzen\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017enos\u0165 vid\u00ed probl\u00e9m predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v nepriaznivom postoji Boha vo\u010di \u010dloveku, Kristus n\u00e1m zjavuje Boha, ktor\u00fd nikdy neupustil zo svojej nezi\u0161tnej l\u00e1sky k \u010dloveku. Je to pr\u00e1ve \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd zmenil svoj postoj k Bohu a odmietol ho. Rie\u0161en\u00edm teda nie je pok\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 sa meni\u0165 Boha, ale zmeni\u0165 stav, v ktorom sa nach\u00e1dza \u010dlovek. Potrebn\u00e1 zmena stavu v tomto pr\u00edpade znamen\u00e1 opusti\u0165 stav hrie\u0161nosti a dosiahnu\u0165 stav absol\u00fatnej bezhrie\u0161nosti (porov. Mt 5,48). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

NA\u0160A \u00daLOHA: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Te\u00f3ria z\u00e1stupn\u00e9ho trestu je dodnes ve\u013emi popul\u00e1rna zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v mnoh\u00fdch vit\u00e1lnych evanjelik\u00e1lnych denomin\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 svojimi aktivitami ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa aj mnoh\u00fdch katol\u00edckych kres\u0165anov. Je potrebn\u00e9, aby katol\u00edcky teol\u00f3g jasne rozli\u0161oval medzi falo\u0161nou a spr\u00e1vnou interpret\u00e1ciou Kristovho spasite\u013en\u00e9ho diela, preto\u017ee t\u00e1to problematika m\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00fd vplyv na praktick\u00fd kres\u0165ansk\u00fd \u017eivot. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00daLOHA CIRKVI: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cirkev je str\u00e1\u017eky\u0148ou pravej viery a autentickou ohlasovate\u013ekou sp\u00e1sy. Jej \u00falohou je dba\u0165 o to, aby sa autentick\u00e1 evanjeliov\u00e1 zves\u0165 dost\u00e1vala k \u013eu\u010fom neporu\u0161en\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

LITERAT\u00daRA: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

BAINTON, R. H.: Martin Luther. <\/em>Bratislava: N\u00e1vrat domov, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BERKHOF, L.: D\u011bjiny dogmatu. <\/em>Praha: N\u00e1vrat dom\u016f, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CONSTITUTIO DOGMATICA DE FIDE CATHOLICA, kon\u0161tit\u00facia Prv\u00e9ho vatik\u00e1nskeho koncilu. In: BARON, A. \u2013 PIETRAS, H. (ed.): Dokumenty sobor\u00f3w powszechnych, tom IV. <\/em>Krak\u00f3w: Wydawnictwo WAM, Ksi\u0119\u017ca Jezuici, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FORMULA SVORNOSTI. In: Symbolick\u00e9 knihy. <\/em>Liptovsk\u00fd Mikul\u00e1\u0161: Tranoscius 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NAPI\u00d3RKOWSKI, A. A.: Bogactwo \u0142aski a n\u0119dza grzesznika. <\/em>Krak\u00f3w: Ksi\u0119garnia akademicka, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NICOLAS, J.-H.: Synt\u00e9za dogmatick\u00e9 teologie II, Vt\u011blen\u00ed Slova. <\/em>Praha: Krystal OP, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PALO\u010cKO, \u0160.: Je\u017ei\u0161 z Nazareta, Z\u00e1chrana \u013eud\u00ed. <\/em>Pre\u0161ov: GTF PU v Pre\u0161ove, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

POSP\u00cd\u0160IL, C.V.: Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 z Nazareta, P\u00e1n a Spasitel. <\/em>Kosteln\u00ed Vyd\u0159\u00ed: Krystal OP, Karmelit\u00e1nsk\u00e9 nakladatelstv\u00ed, 2006.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PERMANETN\u00c1 FORM\u00c1CIA ABSOLVENTOV TEOLOGICK\u00ddCH FAK\u00daLT doc. ThDr. \u0160tefan Palo\u010dko, PhD.  T\u00c9MA III: TE\u00d3RIA Z\u00c1STUPN\u00c9HO TRESTU V SOTERIOL\u00d3GII \u00daVOD: Historick\u00e9 pozadie vzniku te\u00f3rie z\u00e1stupn\u00e9ho trestu  V prostred\u00ed, kde na prelome 15. a 16. storo\u010dia vyrastal Martin Luther, mo\u017eno pozorova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv prirodzenej<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-palocko"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"featured-blog-large":false,"featured-blog-medium":false,"featured":false,"featured-blog-medium-small":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"RobertMacej","author_link":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/author\/robertmacej\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"PERMANETN\u00c1 FORM\u00c1CIA ABSOLVENTOV TEOLOGICK\u00ddCH FAK\u00daLT doc. ThDr. \u0160tefan Palo\u010dko, PhD.  T\u00c9MA III: TE\u00d3RIA Z\u00c1STUPN\u00c9HO TRESTU V SOTERIOL\u00d3GII \u00daVOD: Historick\u00e9 pozadie vzniku te\u00f3rie z\u00e1stupn\u00e9ho trestu  V prostred\u00ed, kde na prelome 15. a 16. storo\u010dia vyrastal Martin Luther, mo\u017eno pozorova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv prirodzenej","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=543"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/543\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":544,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/543\/revisions\/544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/permanentnaformacia.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}